Global Media
Development Report:
The Media Missionaries
The Media Missionaries
ENDNOTES
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1 TRAC, Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, founded by David Burnham, is a research organization used by some of America's best journalists. http://trac.syr.edu
CHAPTER 2: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 This was the conclusion of participants at a January 2002 media development brainstorming meeting in Prague, convened by the author of this report for Internews.
2 Under this model, a limited pot of loan money is made available to a member of the community, who is then subject to peer pressure to repay the loan before the money can be lent to another person in the group.
CHAPTER 3: HISTORIC OVERVIEW
1 Now the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ).
2 Whayne Dillehay, interview Oct. 31, 2001.
3 "Media development" in this report means capacity building for foreign independent journalism, including training, legal support, equipment, grants, fellowships, support for foreign journalism associations, schools, centers, etc. This does not include public relations work, domestic American journalism in the USA, or programming on VOA, RFE/RL the BBC, etc.
4 This $600 million figure is a very rough ballpark estimate which illustrates the problem that none of the major donors, including the U.S. government (USG), Soros OSI foundations, Ford Foundation and others, have consistently line-itemed or aggregated the money they have invested in international media development, i.e., building capacity for journalism. This number is a projection based on figures provided by USAID, Congressional Research Service, Internews, IREX, McCormick Tribune Foundation, the Soros OSI 2000 report, interviews, Internet searches, and other resources. This number can only be made more reliable if better data is collected and provided by the donors.
5 Now reduced to the Bureau of Public Diplomacy in the State Department.
6 David Black, who oversees USAID's development programs, provided an estimate of $250 to 275 million by email to the author in December, 2001.It is almost impossible to figure out how much the U.S. government spent, from all of its various budgets. Whayne Dillehay points out that USAID also funds "Indefinite Quantity Contracts" (IQCs) which pre-approve a consortium of groups to draw on hundreds of millions of dollars to deliver certain kinds of assistance. For example, ICFJ is involved in three IQCs, the most active of which is a human rights global project administered by Freedom House. ICFJ is doing another one in Algeria and is part of a third by Cassals and Associates which will likely lead to media projects in Nigeria.
7 This list is from Monroe Price's global media development report, Mapping Media Assistance, which puts American aid in context.
8 Theoretically the U.S. government may also have provided earmarked funding for foreign media development over the years, including some undisclosed support during the Cold War. Tracing that would require a Freedom of Information Act request, which is beyond the scope of this project.
9 Maj. Gen. Joseph Garba, as quoted in "Lessons for the Media from Foreign Aid," by John Maxwell Hamilton, Media Studies Journal, Fall 1999, p. 103.
10 "The Role of Media in Democracy: A Strategic Approach" June, 1999, USAID Center for Democracy and Governance, Bureau for Global Programs, Field Support and Research, p.37.
12 Frank Vogl, Transparency International, World Bank Institute/USAID meeting in Washington, October 2001.
13 Bob Gillette, IREX; at World Bank Institute/USAID meeting in Washington, October 2001.
14 Russia has just one-tenth of the ad money spent per capita in Poland, and one-seventieth of the United States media ad money, according to Persephone Miel of Internews.
15 Monroe Price and Peter Krug, The Enabling Environment for Free and Independent Media, (USAID Center for Democracy and Governance, December 1, 2000).
17 Mark Koenig, World Bank Institute/USAID media development meeting in Washington, October 2001.
18 Roumeen Islam, draft World Development Report 2002, Building Institutions for Markets, Chapter 10.
19 Internews, the first large USAID media development contractor, is trying to raise private money now and reduce its dependence on government funding.
20 Demonstrations in Georgia, Moscow and the Czech Republic to support independent broadcasters against political influence are hopeful signs, but "people did not go out to the streets to defend freedom of speech, they went to defend their favorite TV channels," Manana Aslamazian of Internews observed
21 This assessment is based on reading Soros' OSI 2000 annual report and interviewing Gordana Jankovic, Bill Siemering and other Soros representatives and their colleagues.
22 Veteran trainer David DeVoss believes this is the next big thing for media development and is frustrated that so few media developers seem ready to jump in. DeVoss is a former Time and Los Angeles Times correspondent who has done extensive media development work for Internews in East Timor and IREX in Bosnia.
23 David DeVoss, "The Case for Digital Journalism," unfunded proposal to Internews, August 2001.
25 The array of Western organizations promoting media rights and policy is so large that IFEX was created 10 years ago to convene them all into a network, which gives training and other support.
26 Gillette was part of a World Bank Institute/USAID discussion about media policy in Washington, D.C. in October, 2001.
27 The grant divided among three U.S. government media contractors: Internews (GIPI) will do policy, the Academy for Educational Development will do exchanges, and the Educational Development Corporation in Newton, MA will do distance education.
28 IJF still has centers in Bratislava, Bucharest and Budapest, as well as Phnom Penh.
29 The situation in Thailand has deteriorated in 2001-2002, and independent journalists often are under attack. For more detail, see the Asia section of this report.
30 David Black interview with the author, Oct.31, 2001.
31 Thomas Carothers, "Ousting Foreign Strongmen: Lessons from Serbia," Carnegie Endowment, Vol. 1, No. 5 May 2001.
32 See Monroe Price and Peter Krug, The Enabling Environment for Free and Independent Media, ibid.
CHAPTER 4: RUSSIA, CEE, NIS
1 Monroe Price's report also helps elucidate the mission and history of the media development efforts in the former U.S.S.R.
2 Baumeister, a former CBS producer and editor of the Trenton Times, served as vice president of Greenfield's all-volunteer Independent Journalism Foundation. Later he helped IREX in Central Europe.
3 Manana Aslamazian, Internews. Soros's spokespeople say they don't have good estimates for the amount invested to date on media development.
4 IJF's 2000 budget was $1.2 million, including a three-year annual Knight grant of $250,000 a year that expires in 2002.
5 Andy Glass interview with the author, November, 2001.
6 The countries were: Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia/Montenegro, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania and Bosnia. From: "Evaluation of the USAID Professional Media Program in Central and Eastern Europe" (commissioned by USAID/ENI Office of Democracy, Governance and Social Reform), by Development Associates, 1730 North Lynn St., Arlington, VA 22209, October 1998.
10 IREX says it currently also has government contracts for $7.7 million in Kosovo, $3 million in Montenegro, and $3.5 million in Russia.
11 Surroi interview with the author in Prague, October 2001.
12 Internews raised $107.7 million in U.S. government funding over the decade; it has raised another $17.7 million from other funders since 1987, according to President David Hoffman in a December, 2001 interview. The author of this report has been a consultant to Internews and currently sits on its board.
13 As quoted in the Internews annual report, 2001. The Washington Post also editorialized that Internews had launched a "revolution" and was "one of the more successful agents of change in the former Soviet Union." Ibid.
14 Olson interview with the author, December 2001.
15 IREX president Mark Pomar, interview with the author.
16 Price, "Mapping Media Assistance," draft, p.7.
17 For example, the author of this report went to Russia in 1993 at the request of the New York University Center on War, Peace and the News Media to do election coverage training for Russian journalists. The Russian journalists generally dismissed the American model presented, which advocated neutrally representing all sides of an election or issue. One old Soviet reporter in Moscow said, with some outrage, "Let me get this right. For seventy years we have been waiting to say what we think. Now you're telling us not to do this?"
18 Greenfield interview with author, ibid.
19 The author of this report recently chaired the Internews board task force on ethics and drafted Internews' code of ethics.
20 The critics included several former IREX staff, other media trainers and IREX competitors. Pomar devolved IREX decision-making power to the people in the field, which was a "huge plus" for effective work, according to one insider. But the local embassies were setting the agenda too much for at least one trainer, who left after concluding that IREX had shifted from an ngo to a "government-operated ngo." Mark Pomar spoke in a telephone interview with the author, December, 2001.
22 "The Role of Media in Democracy: A Strategic Approach," USAID, ibid, p.12.
23 Her comments were made at an Internews conference in Prague, January, 2002.
24 Telephone interview with Marjorie Rouse, Nov. 20, 2001.
25 Jan Urban, "Until Old Cats Learn How to Bark," Media Studies Journal, Freedom Forum, Fall 1999.
26 For more information on this, contact Kira Magid of Internews at magid@internews.ru or Vladimir Danilichev at danilichev@internews.ru
27 International Crisis Group Report: Media in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1998.
28 Development Associates, Inc., ibid.
29 This was the conclusion of participants at a January 2002 Internews regional brainstorming meeting in Prague, convened by the author of this report.
30 Price, "Mapping Media Assistance," draft p.9.
31 Greenfield interview with the author, Nov. 8, 2001.
32 OSI Network Media Program report, "Perspectives of the Media Developments in the Transitional and Developing Societies," Budapest, June, 2001.
33 Author's interview with a regional US official who is familiar with both IREX and Internews, Nov. 15, 2001.
34 Joel Rubin, "Transitions-A Regional Summary," Media Studies Journal, Freedom Forum, Fall 1999.
35 Timothy Garton Ash wrote about the development of Gazeta from a thin underground rag to Poland's most powerful daily in "Helena's Kitchen," The New Yorker, Feb. 15, 1999.
36 Report from Internews Ukraine, December 2001.
38 Charlie Costanzo interview with Harlan Mandel, November, 2001.
CHAPTER 5: LATIN AMERICA
1 John Lavine, director of the Northwestern University Media Management Center, interview with the author, Nov. 27, 2001.
2 The Economist, Oct. 3, 2001.
3 In Central America, such North American media giants as HBO, CNN, Disney, ESPN, and CBS as well Mexico's Angel Gonzalez may crowd out the development of local voices, according to a USAID assessment done by Noreen Janus and Rick Rockwell, The Latin American Journalism Project: Lessons Learned, World Learning, Inc., Washington, D.C. December 1998. ICFJ does not agree that this is a big factor at present, since most of these networks are available to only a small audience. However, this ownership trend, which also is controversial in North America, bears watching.
5 These points are based largely on Janus and Rockwell, ibid., p.3
8 Lavine interview with the author, Nov. 27,2001.
9 The Freedom Forum has funded Rutgers Professor Silvio Weisbord to write a book about the growth of investigative reporting in Latin America.
10 Whayne Dillehay interview with the author, October 2001.
11 Rosental Alves, Nov. 14 interview with the author.
12 More information is available in "Attacks on the Press in 2001" annual report by the Committee to Protect Journalists. www.cpj.org and from the IJNet website.
13 CPJ annual report 2001, pp. 210-211.
14 Clifford Krauss, "Chile's Leader Remains Socialist but Acts Like Pragmatist," New York Times, Dec. 10, 2001, p. A3.
15 A Reforma reporter who wrote a story about the Mayor of Mexico City, based on the local equivalent of an official GAO report, was slapped with a criminal defamation suit.
16 Peter Lauffer, Internews Network, proposal for study of media in Mexico, June 29, 2001.
20 Joan Mower. She provides a positive assessment for IAPA training programs.
 |
Previous Page | The Media Missionaries | Next Page |  |